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      "sourceText": "The Association­Induction Hypothesis\n\nHeir to the faulted old protoplasm concept, the association­induction hypothesis is a\nunifying theory of all living phenomena. Introduced half a century ago, the theory has been\ntested widely and verified without major setback. Five books respectively published in\n1962, 1984, 1992, 2001 and 2013 as well as over 200 articles chronicle the details. In this\ntheory, the smallest unit of life is not the cell but a tiny structure called nano­protoplasm\nunit (NPU). Each NPU can exist in one of two alternative states: (1) In the resting living\nstate, all the major components\nincluding water, protein and the\npotassium ion (K+) are not free\n(as widely taught in textbooks)\nbut physically and electronically\nconnected directly or indirectly\nto all the other components. (2)\nIn the active living state, water and              Right, Resting NPU; Left, Active NPU\n\nK are set free (transiently.) Each NPU contains, as a rule, only one single protein molecule\n+\n\nspecific to its kind of NPU. A typical NPU from the mature human red blood cell is\ndescribed by the formula: (Hb)1(H2O)7000(K+)20(ATP)1. Hb stands for the characteristic\nprotein, hemoglobin. The subscript attached to each bracketed item refers to the number of\nthat item in one NPU. Each NPU is truly small. A single red blood cell contains\n300,000,000 NPU’s. Bulk­phase water polarized and oriented by the fully extended protein\npartially excludes Na+. Thus in cells like muscle, nerve and red blood cell, it is superfluous\nto postulate a sodium pump to keep the cell level of Na+ low. Dynamically structured water\ndoes it perfectly without continued energy expenditure. The end product of all energy\nmetabolisms is adenosine tri­phosphate or ATP (which does not contain high usable energy\nas once widely but erroneously believed). As the major controlling agent, ATP controls\nvirtually all living phenomena. Like all cardinal adsorbents, ATP achieves its control by\nmeans of both short­range electronic effect and falling­domino­like long­range effect. In\nbroad terms, life comprises being alive and engaging in life activities. ATP’s continued\nbinding as such onto the NPU keeps alive the NPU as well as the ladder of all the\nincreasingly larger living structures like cells, organs and organisms built upon the\nfoundation of vast number of NPU’s. Reversible ATP disappearance spells life activity.\nIrreversibility of similar vanishing of ATP leads to death.\n\nGilbert N. Ling",
      "approvedText": "The Association­Induction Hypothesis\n\nHeir to the faulted old protoplasm concept, the association­induction hypothesis is a\nunifying theory of all living phenomena. Introduced half a century ago, the theory has been\ntested widely and verified without major setback. Five books respectively published in\n1962, 1984, 1992, 2001 and 2013 as well as over 200 articles chronicle the details. In this\ntheory, the smallest unit of life is not the cell but a tiny structure called nano­protoplasm\nunit (NPU). Each NPU can exist in one of two alternative states: (1) In the resting living\nstate, all the major components\nincluding water, protein and the\npotassium ion (K+) are not free\n(as widely taught in textbooks)\nbut physically and electronically\nconnected directly or indirectly\nto all the other components. (2)\nIn the active living state, water and              Right, Resting NPU; Left, Active NPU\n\nK are set free (transiently.) Each NPU contains, as a rule, only one single protein molecule\n+\n\nspecific to its kind of NPU. A typical NPU from the mature human red blood cell is\ndescribed by the formula: (Hb)1(H2O)7000(K+)20(ATP)1. Hb stands for the characteristic\nprotein, hemoglobin. The subscript attached to each bracketed item refers to the number of\nthat item in one NPU. Each NPU is truly small. A single red blood cell contains\n300,000,000 NPU’s. Bulk­phase water polarized and oriented by the fully extended protein\npartially excludes Na+. Thus in cells like muscle, nerve and red blood cell, it is superfluous\nto postulate a sodium pump to keep the cell level of Na+ low. Dynamically structured water\ndoes it perfectly without continued energy expenditure. The end product of all energy\nmetabolisms is adenosine tri­phosphate or ATP (which does not contain high usable energy\nas once widely but erroneously believed). As the major controlling agent, ATP controls\nvirtually all living phenomena. Like all cardinal adsorbents, ATP achieves its control by\nmeans of both short­range electronic effect and falling­domino­like long­range effect. In\nbroad terms, life comprises being alive and engaging in life activities. ATP’s continued\nbinding as such onto the NPU keeps alive the NPU as well as the ladder of all the\nincreasingly larger living structures like cells, organs and organisms built upon the\nfoundation of vast number of NPU’s. Reversible ATP disappearance spells life activity.\nIrreversibility of similar vanishing of ATP leads to death.\n\nGilbert N. Ling",
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